四川大學 - 話題

考研英語閱讀，細節事實題解題順序及步驟
   
    細節事實題是考研英語閱讀理解當中最重要的題型，也是占據比重最大的題型，每年基本20道題目中有一半都是細節事實題。接下來我們來講解以下解題順序：
   
    1. 標志：fact， truth；時間，數字，地點，大寫字母，錢；專有名詞。
   
    2. 根據題干中的標志詞返回原文定位：
   
    考生一定要每道題目都返回原文，這是解任何題目的基礎，很多考生閱讀得不了高分得最重要原因就是不返回原文定位。然而考研和四、六級考試不一樣，四、六級考試每道題目基本都能定位到原文的某一句話，而考研直白地考一句話的概率很小，基本都是定位在某一段。
   
    3. 經�？疾斓氖菍υ�文中一些細節性、具體信息的閱讀，因此一定要精確理解原文
   
    這就是考驗最大的特點，就是考察的非常細，不光光是一個句子，甚至于一個單詞，一個標點符號都要正確理解。
   
    4. 正確選項應與原文同義表達：
   
    我們把選項和原文重疊，記住“本本主義”，即與原文意思接近的，差不多的為正確答案，與原文意思相反的，或者只要是文中未提及的都是錯的。
   
    接下來我們具體以真題為例來闡述一下我們的解題步驟，如2000年第一篇文章：
   
    It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries， such as consumer electronics， had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left， Zenith. （Now there is none： Zenith was bought by South Korea‘s LG Electronics in July.） Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors， which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age， was going to be the next casualty.
   
    52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.
   
    ［A］ TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
   
    ［B］ semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
   
    ［C］ machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
   
    ［D］ auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
   
    首先我們審題，根據題干中的1980s（數字），我們可以定位到原文第二段。然后逐一看選項A“電視工業萎縮回到了國內市場（即：該工業失去了國際市場）�！� “根據第二段，到80年代中期，面對其工業競爭力的日益衰退，美國人感到無計可施（at a loss），美國某些大的行業——如電子消費品——在園際競爭的壓力下，面臨萎縮或消亡的威脅。到1987年為止，美國僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith一家了（現在已蕩然無存：Zenith于7月份——指文章寫作年代的7月份——被韓國LG電子有限公司收購了）。這里并沒有直接提到美國電視失去國際市場，事實上，它連國內市場也保不住了。因此A選項錯誤。B“半導體行業被外國公司接管。” 第二段最后一句提到，在一段時間內，半導體制造業看上去好像要成為下一個受害者。“看上去好像”的潛臺詞就是“事實上并不是如此”，因此B與原文意思相反。C“機械制造業自取滅亡”，第二段提到了機械制造業“岌岌可�！�。這顯然也是說它正在失去國內外市場，并未提到它的滅亡是由其自身原因造成的。on the ropes解釋為“岌岌可�！辈⒉唤忉尀椤白詺ⅰ薄６�第二段第六句提到，進口車和紡織品涌進（美國）國內市場。由此可知：D “汽車制造業失去了部分國內市場”與原文意思一致。選項D為正確答案。


正如筆者前文所述，考研的特點是精讀，而且選項極具誘惑性，接下來我們來看看考研閱讀理解之中常見的誘惑手段：
   
    1. 單詞替換：因為考研更強調考生理解單詞的深度，因此單詞替換是考研常用的誘惑手段。具體又可以分為兩大類：
   
    A）詞義曲解：當選項中出現一個單詞，經常是一詞多義的時候，考生應警惕選項中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。
   
    如2002第一篇：“If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile， you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with （支持）their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing， the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group or managers， you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries， you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.”
   
    41. To make your humor work， you should
   
    ［A］ take advantage of different kinds of audience.
   
    ［B］ make fun of the disorganized people.
   
    ［C］ address different problems to different people.
   
    ［D］ show sympathy for （同情）your listeners.
   
    很多考生沒有能正確識別兩個sympathy的意思，而誤選了選項D。
   
    B）貌似同義改寫：當選項中出現一個單詞和原文中一個單詞非常相似，或者就是一個詞，只要詞性發生變化，一般都是錯誤答案。
   
    如2004年第二篇：“Can this merely be coincidence？ One theory， dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged， is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school， teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front， to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row， and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape （幸運的逃脫了）。 Yet the result may be worse qualifications， because they get less individual attention， as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.”
   
    48、The 4th paragraph suggests that
   
    ［A］ questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
   
    ［B］ alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class. （逃學）
   
    ［C］ teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
   
    ［D］ students should be seated according to their eyesight.
   
    兩個同是escape，只是原文中是一個名詞，解釋為逃脫；選項是動詞解釋為逃學。
     

2. 因果顛倒：這類選項誘惑性很強，因為原因和結果都和原文相同，只是把原文的原因作為結果，結果作為原因。因此考生在原文中只要讀到因果關系的時候，就一定要清楚的分辨出哪一個原因，哪一個是結果。
   
    如2005年第三篇文章“Of all the components of a good night’s sleep， dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams， a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago， Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s， neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat， regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。 （今天研究者認為夢是人思想情緒的自動調節器，在睡眠的時候調節情緒的）And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control， to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream，” says Rosalind Cartwright， chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it””
   
    31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ____.
   
    ［A］ can be modified in their courses
   
    ［B］ are susceptible to emotional changes （易受情緒變化的影響）
   
    ［C］ reflect our innermost desires and fears
   
    ［D］ are a random outcome of neural repairs
   
    當年很多考生都錯選了B。仔細讀發現，文中告訴你夢是情緒的自動調節器，就是夢影響情緒，而選項B說的是夢易受情緒變化的影響，即情緒影響夢，正好和原文的因果說反了。而該選項誘惑性很強，因為夢和情緒都是文中出現過的概念。
   
    3.擴大范圍：把原文范圍擴大了依然是錯誤的，它也可以分成兩類：
   
    A）將原文的特指（只適用于個體）變為泛指（適用于群體）。
   
    如2008年第四篇“For one thing， the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account，” says Wiencek， author of An Imperfect God： George Washington， His Slaves， and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution，” （特指黑奴制度）including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.”
   
    39. Which of the following is true according to the text？
   
    ［A］ Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
   
    ［B］ Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
   
    ［C］ Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
   
    ［D］ Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. （泛指特殊的組織）
   
    B）將原文的幾個條件省略為一個條件。


如2000年第一篇“A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap， but， if properly handled， it may become a driving force. （長期的、不費力的成功史、處理得當的話可能會成為一種推動力。即三個條件推出一個結論）When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War， it had a market eight times larger than any competitor， giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world‘s best， its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.”
   
    53. What can be inferred from the passage？
   
    ［A］ It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
   
    ［B］ Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
   
    ［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
   
    ［D］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 長期的成功史會為今后的發展鋪平道路。一個條件就推出結論，屬于擴大范圍。
   
    4. 張冠李戴：也可稱為偷換概念，即把原文中的一個概念變成一個新的概念，該類選項誘惑性并不是很強，考生只要仔細返回原文定位，肯定能夠排除干擾。
   
    如2004年第一篇“Hunting for a job late last year， lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder， a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”。 It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location， title， and salary， then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal， intellectual property， and Washington， D.C. Three weeks later， he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold，” says Redmon， who E-mailed his resume to the employer （把簡歷寄給了雇主）and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.”
   
    41. How did Redmon find his job？
   
    ［A］ By searching openings in a job database.
   
    ［B］ By posting a matching position in a database.
   
    ［C］ By using a special service of a database.
   
    ［D］ By E-mailing his resume to a database. （把簡歷寄給了網站數據庫，很明顯把employer偷換成了database）
   
    5. 無中生有：選項中出現了文中沒有提及的新的信息。
   
    如2000年第一篇中的第三題 What can be inferred from the passage？
   
    ［A］ It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
   
    ［B］ Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
   
    ［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. （國際合作就是一個文章從頭到尾都沒有出現過的新的概念）
   
    ［D］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

一小時有多少分鐘？（答案為數字）

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