2017考研：英語(yǔ)（一）新題型考點(diǎn)考向點(diǎn)睛

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一、炙熱題型--排序題考前得分要領(lǐng)

段落排序題仍然是今年的備考重點(diǎn)，全部做對(duì)該題目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要講究方法，在考場(chǎng)上多快好省的確保拿到6～8分。拿分要領(lǐng)為：答對(duì)首段（如果沒有給）和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即對(duì)2-3個(gè)，剩下的，不要做了，直接選一個(gè)肯定入選但不確定排哪里的答案。
【解題步驟】
1．閱讀已經(jīng)固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段，那么通過閱讀首末段就可以得知整個(gè)文章的主旨大意，還要注意將已經(jīng)確定的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)從卷子上劃去，防止引起不必要的混亂；如果是首段+中間段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分內(nèi)容信息。
但是，如果首段沒有要先選出首段。 2．如何選首段 首段的特點(diǎn)： 1）首句不含有代詞，不含有總結(jié)性、過渡性詞（轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、順延等） 2）一般不含有最高級(jí)、第一或最后意思的詞語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槭锥螞]有比較的對(duì)象。 3．閱讀選項(xiàng)，尤其是首尾句。給段落作初步的位置預(yù)知和組塊 考生做不到一次性排出來，能排出來的就排，一時(shí)定不了的，做如下工作： 1）位置預(yù)知：含so, conclude等表示結(jié)束的詞，可能作為尾段。但是也要警惕未必，總之還是要綜合看。
2）組塊：
有些段一看就覺得應(yīng)該一個(gè)前一個(gè)后，比如A段末提到... there are two branches.F段末提到了，the first one is...。那么A和F就屬于明顯的總分關(guān)系，應(yīng)該前后連貫。
例如2010年的E段末出現(xiàn)了
[E]... at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.而A段開頭則是
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about...
所以明顯的順序是E >A。
3）精確排列各個(gè)段落的順序，利用其它關(guān)聯(lián)詞進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
【例題】2014年
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable - for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.

【解題步驟】
1.精讀首段：
本題沒有給出首段，需要考生先判斷。具體方法要根據(jù)下步每段開頭的關(guān)鍵詞而定。
2.通讀段首尾，模塊組合+位置預(yù)知。
根據(jù)上述的八大方法，找出各個(gè)段落段首/尾的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，具體分布為：
[A] Some archaeological sites
[B] In another case(明顯代詞+名詞)
[C] How.....?
[D] ... in one case
[E] ...find their sites....
[F] most archaeological sites, however
根據(jù)如上的關(guān)鍵詞，考生首先能判斷出來的是D和B的關(guān)系，根據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該是D>B。根據(jù)題干的矩陣41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
D>B肯定不能讓在41或者42，肯定是43，44,45中的兩個(gè)。因此首段的可能性只能是C和G中的一個(gè)。而C句首又是明顯的用特殊疑問句提出問題，符合首段的特點(diǎn)。
D和B的特點(diǎn)是one和another的代詞關(guān)系發(fā)生連貫。類似的連貫詞還有one-the other,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是some - others，同樣some和others會(huì)有些類似的同義詞替換。根據(jù)這個(gè)原理，A和F也是前后關(guān)聯(lián)A>F。因此42選F。
最后三個(gè)空。E的開頭提到了on systematic survey，各種研究調(diào)查。E的段落也提到了Aerial surveys（航空研究，空中研究）而G的開頭則提到了ground survey（地面研究），正好是總分關(guān)系，所以順序?yàn)镋>G。因?yàn)?3-45是GDB。所以答案為
CFGDB

二、炙熱題型--完型填句（段）考前得分要領(lǐng)

【解題步驟】
第一步：找出各選項(xiàng)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞
第二步：將代詞后面指代的內(nèi)容還原回文章，進(jìn)行匹配。
【解題技巧】
第一，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)間年代時(shí)，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。
第二，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)代詞時(shí)，該選項(xiàng)往往不能放在首句，要能分辨出該代詞所指的內(nèi)容：it可指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子；they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子。
第三，將選項(xiàng)與原文對(duì)比時(shí)，與原文重復(fù)或同義改寫的字越多的往往就是正確選項(xiàng)。
第四，做完型填句（段）題時(shí)不用按順序做，先做簡(jiǎn)單的后做難的，注意尋找上下文中的關(guān)鍵信息。
【例題】2013年
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today's global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame-the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today's economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.

【解題步驟】
1. 找選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞
[A] two communities: one that is …and one that is …
[B] the numbers, 2010, these Keywords.
[C] the idea is, integrate their work
[D] the solution
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change, for example ,
[F] these factors, such problems .
[G]funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.
2. 關(guān)鍵詞匹配文章
[B] the numbers ,2010, these Keywords.匹配到43空前的number和Keywords.
[C] the idea is,integrate their work匹配到45空前的idea和collaborate
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change , for example。利用for example可以匹配到41空前的原詞，these issues可以匹配到including后面的許多因素。
[F] these factors, such problems. 利用such problems匹配到42空前的problems，these factors匹配到前面的冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容。
[G] funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.匹配到44空后的that is …amount。