上海大學2018年英語語言學考研初試大綱

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考試科目：624英語語言學

一、復習要求：

要求考生熟悉語言和語言學的本質以及英語語言學發展的來龍去脈，掌握英語語言學中的基本概念、基礎理論、分科和流派觀點，能準確和流暢地借用英語語言學中的理論詮釋現實生活中的語言文化問題與現象。

二、主要復習內容：

1、What Is Language?

重點：origins of language; properties and design features of language; development of written language.

2、What Is Linguistics?

重點：definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics; traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; functionalism vs formalism.

3、Phonetics and Phonology

重點：definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; liaison; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; and minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features like stress, tone and intonation, and their functions in communication

4、Morphology

重點：definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; word-formation processes like coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.

5、Grammar / Syntax

重點：types of grammar / syntax; definition of grammar / syntax; parts of speech / word classes; traditional grammar, grammatical categories, and grammatical analysis; the prescriptive and descriptive approaches; structural and immediate constituent analysis; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; basic components of a sentence; types of sentences; linear and hierarchical structures of sentences; lexical and phrasal categories; grammatical relations; combinational rules; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; structural ambiguity; labeled tree diagrams.

6、Semantics

重點：definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; word meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations like synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy; componential analysis; sense relations between sentences; sentence meaning; sentence meaning and proposition; semantic roles; meaning and logic: entailment, presupposition, implicature; metaphor; metonymy; collocation; prototypes; componential and predication analysis.

7、Pragmatics

重點：definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning vs utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; reference; anaphora; presupposition.

8、Discourse Analysis

重點：Interpreting discourse; cohesion and coherence; conjunctions; discourse markers; conversation analysis; adjacency pairs; preference structure; presequences; information structure; given & new information; topic & comment; contrast; how to do discourse analysis

9、Historical Linguistics

重點：The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family

10、Sociolinguistics

重點：Speech community and speech variety; personal, regional and social dialects, stylistics, and idiolectal variation; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and Creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; Black English; educational, age, gender and register varieties; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.

12、Psycholinguistics

重點：biological foundations of language; linguistic lateralization; the language centers; the critical period for language acquisition; early views on language and thought; arguments for and against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.

13、First Language Acquisition

重點：biological basis of language acquisition; roles of input and interaction, instruction, correction and reinforcement, and imitation; the four stages of first language acquisition; the development of the grammatical system (e.g. phonology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and morphology).

14、Second Language Acquisition

重點：Acquisition vs learning; transfer and interference; the natural route of SLA development; contrastive analysis, error analysis; interlanguage and fossilization; the role of input and formal instruction; individual learner factors like age, motivation, acculturation, and personality.