46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
【解析】
1. 本句主干為There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在醫學雜志上有很多這樣的無稽之談)
2. which引導定語從句,修飾this kind of nonsense
(1) which指代this kind of nonsense,在定語從句中做主語
① 則定語從句為“這些無稽之談引起健康恐慌和短暫的飲食狂熱”
② when引導狀語從句,可以理解為條件,從句省略this kind of nonsense is,則為“如果廣播公司和非專業媒體報道這些無稽之談”
47. Nowadays,anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
【解析】
1. 本句主干為anyone has to have published twice the number of papers (任何人都必須已經發表了兩倍的論文數量)
2. applying for a research post修飾anyone,則意思為“任何申請研究職位的人”
48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.
【解析】
1. 本句主干為Attempts have been made(嘗試被做出),可以調整表達為:有人已經做出多次嘗試
2. to curb this tendency為主語補足語,則主干可以調整為“有人已經多次試圖遏制這種趨勢”
3. by doing為方式狀語
(1) incorporate... into... (將...納入...)
(2) by trying to incorporate some measure into the assessment of an applicant’s papers (通過試圖將某種衡量標準納入對某位申請者論文的評估過程當中)
(3) 可以調整為“在評估申請人的論文時,納入某種衡量標準”
(4) of quality as well as quantity修飾measure,意思為“除了數量標準以外,還有質量標準”
49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.
【解析】
1. 本句主干為This would be reasonable (這將會是合理的),this指代上一句中的“citation index”即:引用索引。
2. if it were not for,意思為“如果沒有...”,本句為虛擬語氣
(1) if it were not for the fact,意思為“如果沒有這一事實的話”
(2) 則為“如果沒有這一事實的話,這種引用索引才是合理的”
3. the fact后that引導同位語從句
(1) 同位語從句的主干為“scientists can easily arrange to cite ... or get...to do so”(科學家可以很容易地引用...或者讓...這樣去做)
50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.