2015年考研英語(yǔ)翻譯模擬試題及答案（一）

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Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)(Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha,) (2(the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred.) It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3(In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918.) Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (4)(indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.) Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (5)(I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type.) But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”

總體分析

本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來(lái)源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨(dú)特之處：首先，他雖然反對(duì)暴力，但并不否認(rèn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的立場(chǎng);其次，他不躲避回答棘手的問(wèn)題。

本文考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句，等。

試題精解

1.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯。

該句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句：前一分句是簡(jiǎn)單句，后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中形容詞短語(yǔ)capable of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語(yǔ)可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法，譯為一個(gè)句子，增譯代詞“它”做主語(yǔ)。

詞匯：claim意為“宣稱，聲稱，說(shuō)”;definite意為“肯定的，確定的;清楚的，明顯的”，它和technique搭配時(shí)取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的，期望的”，當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時(shí)常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。

翻譯：其動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說(shuō)這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。

2.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯和詞義的選擇。

該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主語(yǔ)the method后有兩個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)：一個(gè)是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個(gè)是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)會(huì)很冗長(zhǎng)，不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)前置，第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語(yǔ)。而真正的謂語(yǔ)前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)a sort of warfare后是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾名詞a way，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。

詞匯：practice意為“練習(xí)，訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等，在本句中與propose(提出)對(duì)應(yīng)譯為“付諸實(shí)踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進(jìn)化”，但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬，而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);斗爭(zhēng)，沖突”等，根據(jù)上下文，該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭(zhēng)的方式(方法)”。

翻譯：這個(gè)由甘地提出并付諸實(shí)踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭(zhēng)方式，用既不傷害對(duì)方又不會(huì)引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。

3.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的翻譯

該句是and連接的并列句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)served，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)放在句首。“on the British side”做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾stretcher-bearer，應(yīng)譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“英方的擔(dān)架員”。

詞匯：serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作，服務(wù)，履行義務(wù)，盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊，和某人觀點(diǎn)一致”。

翻譯：早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過(guò)擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。

4.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)從句的翻譯。

該句的主干是he did not take the... line，介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾賓語(yǔ)the line。由于定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)采取拆譯法，另起一句。動(dòng)名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。該從句由兩個(gè)并列的分句組成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it為形式主語(yǔ)，從句who wins為真正的主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)中不存在這種語(yǔ)法形式，因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語(yǔ)。
詞匯：line一詞的含義較多，但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度，看法”;fruitless意為“沒(méi)有成果的，無(wú)成效的，徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”，本句中它后面跟有從句，應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說(shuō)”。

翻譯：而且也確實(shí)沒(méi)有采取毫無(wú)意義的、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的態(tài)度，假裝說(shuō)在所有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰(shuí)獲得勝利都無(wú)所謂。

5.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：插入語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯

該句的主干是I must say，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間插入了一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)成分，翻譯時(shí)可放在句首或謂語(yǔ)之前，譯為“從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”或“我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語(yǔ)從句，其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾賓語(yǔ)evasions，可譯為前置定語(yǔ)，也可另起一句。

詞匯：evasion意為“躲避，逃避;借口，托詞”，根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說(shuō)法”等。

翻譯：我必須說(shuō)，我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)到過(guò)對(duì)該問(wèn)題的誠(chéng)實(shí)的答復(fù)，但是卻聽(tīng)大了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。